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Stephen Jay Gould è stato un biologo, zoologo, paleontologo e storico della scienza statunitense.

Docente di zoologia e geologia all'università di Harvard e profondo studioso dell'evoluzionismo, vinse l'American Book Award for Science per Intelligenza e pregiudizio. Ottenne, inoltre, il premio della National Book's Critic Circle Award, un'organizzazione senza scopo di lucro, formata da circa 700 critici letterari interessati ad onorare la qualità di scrittura e comunicazione.

È considerato uno dei divulgatori scientifici più prolifici ed influenti della sua generazione. In questa veste scrisse oltre 300 saggi pubblicati su Natural History e poi raccolti in vari volumi alcuni dei quali tradotti anche in italiano, come Il pollice del panda, Risplendi grande lucciola, Bravo brontosauro, La vita meravigliosa.

In molte occasioni si espresse contro l'oppressione culturale in tutte le sue forme, in special modo contro la pseudoscienza al servizio del razzismo e contro l'insegnamento del creazionismo come teoria scientifica; fu anche ideatore e principale sostenitore del "Principio dei Magisteri Non Sovrapposti" il quale suppone una compatibilità fra religione e scienza, in quanto esse si occuperebbero di due piani differenti non sovrapponibili.

Dopo aver ottenuto un PhD alla Columbia University, nel 1967 divenne un ricercatore ad Harvard. Aiutò nel 1972 Niles Eldredge a sviluppare la sua teoria degli equilibri punteggiati in cui si sostiene che i cambiamenti evolutivi avvengono in periodi di tempo relativamente brevi sotto l'impulso di stress ambientali, separati da lunghi periodi di stabilità evolutiva delle forme di vita.

La sua accesa e prolungata polemica contro Richard Dawkins e le sue posizioni sul gradualismo evolutivo filetico nasce dalla sua opposizione al determinismo ad esso sotteso, a favore dell'indeterminismo che secondo Gould sta alla base della maggior parte dei processi biologici innovativi. Nella visione gouldiana, come peraltro in quella già di Jacques Monod e di tutti i biologi evoluzionisti , il caso produce il nuovo, mentre la necessità, attraverso la selezione naturale che opera in base a causalità lineare, conserva l'adatto ed elimina l'inadatto. Wikipedia  

✵ 10. Settembre 1941 – 20. Maggio 2002
Stephen Jay Gould: 280   frasi 0   Mi piace

Stephen Jay Gould frasi celebri

“[Su Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, naturalista tedesco autore di una classificazione delle razze umane che è stata accettata dai moderni fautori del cosiddetto «Razzismo scientifico»] Senza dubbio Blumenbach merita il nostro plauso come il meno razzista, il più egalitario e il più benevolo fra tutti gli scrittori illuministi che trattarono l'argomento della diversità umana. È veramente singolare che un uomo così consacrato a sostenere l'unità degli esseri umani e l'irrilevanza delle differenze morali e intellettuali fra i gruppi, debba aver cambiato la geometria mentale che descrive l'ordine umano convertendola in uno schema che da allora ha promosso il razzismo convenzionale. Eppure, a ripensarci, questa situazione non dovrebbe essere considerata tanto singolare o insolita, giacché da sempre moltissimi scienziati sono stati inconsapevoli dei meccanismi mentali, e in particolare delle implicazioni visive o geometriche, alle spalle delle loro particolari teorie (e alla base di tutto il pensiero umano in generale).”

Stephen Jay Gould

da I Have Landed, p. 395

“La maggior parte degli impedimenti alla comprensione scientifica sono blocchi al livello dei concetti, non lacune al livello dei fatti. Gli ostacoli più difficili da superare sono le tendenze che sfuggono al nostro controllo cosciente per il fatto di sembrare così ovviamente, così ineluttabilmente giuste. Noi conosciamo nel modo migliore noi stessi e tendiamo a interpretare in relazione a noi stessi gli altri organismi: a vedere riflesse in essi la nostra costituzione e le nostre organizzazioni sociali. (Per quasi due millenni Aristotele e i suoi successori chiamarono re la grande ape che guida lo sciame.)”

Stephen Jay Gould

da Risplendi grande lucciola, p. 18

“Maria Montessori non limitò la sua attività a una riforma pedagogica per l'infanzia, ma per molti anni tenne corsi di antropologia all'Università di Roma. A dir poco, non fu certo una sostenitrice dell'egalitarismo. Accettò la maggior parte del lavoro di Broca e fu una sostenitrice della teoria della criminalità innata sviluppata da Cesare Lombroso. Misurò quindi la circonferenza delle teste dei bambini nelle sue scuole e dedusse che quelli con migliori prospettive avevano cervelli più grandi.”

Stephen Jay Gould libro Intelligenza e pregiudizio

Origine: Intelligenza e pregiudizio, p. 100

“L'argomento comune di questi disparati giudizi è la teoria dell'uomo delinquente di Cesare Lombroso, probabilmente la dottrina più influente mai emersa dalla tradizione antropometrica. Lombroso descrisse l'intuizione che condusse alla sua teoria della criminalità innata e alla disciplina da lui fondata: l'antropologia criminale. Nel 1870, Lombroso stava cercando di scoprire le differenze anatomiche tra uomini criminali e uomini insani, "senza avere molto successo". Poi, "la mattina di un triste giorno di dicembre", esaminò il cranio del famoso brigante Villella ed ebbe quel lampo di felice intuizione che contrassegna sia la scoperta brillante che la folle invenzione. Vide in quel cranio una serie di lineamenti atavici che ricordavano un passato scimmiesco piuttosto che un presente umano.”

Stephen Jay Gould libro Intelligenza e pregiudizio

Origine: Intelligenza e pregiudizio, p. 128

“La scienza, dal momento che viene praticata dall'uomo, è un'attività socialmente inserita. Essa progredisce per impressioni, immaginazione e intuizione. La maggioranza dei suoi cambiamenti nel tempo non registra un avvicinamento alla verità assoluta, ma il mutamento dei contesti culturali che la influenzano così fortemente. I fatti non sono frammenti puri e incontaminati d'informazione; anche la cultura influenza che cosa vediamo e come la vediamo. Le teorie, inoltre, non sono inesorabili induzioni da fatti. Le teorie più creative sono spesso visioni fantasiose imposte sui fatti: anche la fonte di immaginazione è fortemente culturale.”

Stephen Jay Gould libro Intelligenza e pregiudizio

Origine: Intelligenza e pregiudizio, p. 43

“Propongo di evidenziare questo principio fondamentale della rispettosa non interferenza - accompagnata da un dialogo intenso tra le due sfere distinte, ciascuna relativa a un aspetto centrale dell'esistenza umana - enunciando il principio dei MNS, ovvero dei "Magisteri non sovrapposti". Spero che i miei colleghi cattolici non se la prendano per l'appropriazione di questo termine così ricorrente nel loro linguaggio, perché la parola "magistero", derivata dal latino magister, maestro, sta a significare l'autorità dell'insegnamento.”

Stephen Jay Gould libro I pilastri del tempo

Origine: I pilastri del tempo, p. 13

Stephen Jay Gould: Frasi in inglese

“Darwinian evolution may be the most truthful and powerful idea ever generated by Western Science, but if we continue to illustrate our conviction with an indefensible, unsupported, entirely speculative, and basically rather silly story, then we are clothing a thing of beauty in rags - and we should be ashamed, "for the apparel oft proclaims the man."”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms

"The Tallest Tale", p. 318
Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (1998)

“Finally, the claim that we equated punctuated equilibrium with saltation makes no sense within the logical structure of our theory — so, unless we are fools, how could we ever have asserted such a proposition? Our theory holds, as a defining statement, that ordinary allopatric speciation, unfolding gradually at microevolutionary scales, translates to punctuation in geological time.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro The Structure of Evolutionary Theory

Origine: The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (2002), p. 1009

“Christopher Wren, the leading architect of London's reconstruction after the great fire of 1666, lies buried beneath the floor of his most famous building, St. Paul's cathedral. No elaborate sarcophagus adorns the site. Instead, we find only the famous epitaph written by his son and now inscribed into the floor: “si monumentum requiris, circumspice”—if you are searching for his monument, look around. A tad grandiose, perhaps, but I have never read a finer testimony to the central importance—one might even say sacredness — of actual places, rather than replicas, symbols, or other forms of vicarious resemblance.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro The Lying Stones of Marrakech

"A Tale of Two Work Sites", p. 251
The Lying Stones of Marrakech (2001)

“No more harmful nonsense exists than [the] common supposition that deepest insight into great questions about the meaning of life or the structure of reality emerges most readily when a free, undisciplined, and uncluttered (read, rather, ignorant and uneducated) mind soars above mere earthly knowledge and concern.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro I Have Landed

"No Science Without Fancy, No Art Without Facts", p. 48
I Have Landed (2002)

“The legends of fieldwork locate all important sites deep in inaccessible jungles inhabited by fierce beasts and restless natives, and surrounded by miasmas of putrefaction and swarms of tsetse flies. (Alternative models include the hundredth dune after the death of all camels, or the thousandth crevasse following the demise of all sled dogs.)”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Wonderful Life

Origine: Wonderful Life (1989), p. 65

“Guessing right for the wrong reason does not merit scientific immortality.”

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Stephen Jay Gould

"The Godfather of Disaster", p. 379
Bully for Brontosaurus (1991)

“There is no gene “for” such unambiguous bits of morphology as your left kneecap or your fingernail. […] Hundreds of genes contribute to the building of most body parts and their action is channeled through a kaleidoscopic series of environmental influences: embryonic and postnatal, internal and external. Parts are not translated genes, and selection doesn't even work directly on parts.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro The Panda's Thumb

"Caring Groups and Selfish Genes", p. 91
The Panda's Thumb (1980)

“If the neck of the giraffe elongates an inch at a time, then the full panoply of supporting structures need not arise at every step. The coordinated adaptation can be built piecemeal. Some animals may slightly elongate the neck, others the legs; still others may develop stronger neck muscles. By sexual reproduction, the favorable features of different organisms may be combined in offspring.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms

"The Tallest Tale", p. 310
Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (1998)

“We do not inhabit a perfected world where natural selection ruthlessly scrutinizes all organic structures and then molds them for optimal utility. Organisms inherit a body form and a style of embryonic development; these impose constraints upon future change and adaptation. In many cases, evolutionary pathways reflect inherited patterns more than current environmental demands. These inheritances constrain, but they also provide opportunity. A potentially minor genetic change […] entails a host of complex, nonadaptive consequences. […] What “play” would evolution have if each structure were built for a restricted purpose and could be used for nothing else? How could humans learn to write if our brain had not evolved for hunting, social cohesion, or whatever, and could not transcend the adaptive boundaries of its original purpose?”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes

"Hyena Myths and Realities", p. 156
Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes (1983)

“If we make this readjustment to view Homo sapiens as an ultimate in oddball rarity, and life at bacterial grade as the common expression of a universal phenomenon, then we could finally ask the truly fundamental question raised by the prospect of Martian fossils. If life originates as a general property of the material universe under certain conditions (probably often realized), then how much can the basic structure and constitution of life vary from place to independent place?”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms

"War of the Worldviews", p. 352
Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (1998)

“I did speak extensively — often quite critically — about the reviled work of Richard Goldschmidt, particularly about aspects of his thought that might merit a rehearing. This material has often been confused with punctuated equlibrium by people who miss the crucial issue of scaling, and therefore regard all statements about rapidity at any level as necessarily unitary, and necessarily flowing from punctuated equilibrium. In fact, as the long treatment in Chapter 5 of this book should make clear, my interest in Goldschmidt resides in issues bearing little relationship with punctuated equilibrium, but invested instead in developmental questions that prompted my first book, Ontogeny and Phylogeny. The two subjects, after all, are quite separate, and rooted in different scales of rapidity — hopeful monsters in genuine saltation, and punctuated equilibrium in macroevolutionary punctuation”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro The Structure of Evolutionary Theory

produced by ordinary allopatric speciation
Origine: The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (2002), p. 1005

“I would trade all the advantages of humanity to be a fly on the wall when Franklin and Jefferson discussed liberty, Lenin and Trotsky revolution, Newton and Halley the shape of the universe, or when Darwin entertained Huxley and Lyell at Down.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle

Origine: Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (1987), p. 64

“I despair of persuading people to drop the familiar and comforting tactic of dichotomy. Perhaps, instead, we might expand the framework of debates by seeking other dichotomies more appropriate than, or simply different from, the conventional divisions. All dichotomies are simplifications, but the rendition of a conflict along differing axes of several orthogonal dichotomies might provide an amplitude of proper intellectual space without forcing us to forgo our most comforting tool of thought.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle

Origine: Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (1987), p. 8

“We may need simple and heroic legends for that peculiar genre of literature known as the textbook. But historians must also labor to rescue human beings from their legends in science—if only so that we may understand the process of scientific thought aright.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro The Flamingo's Smile

"Darwin at Sea—and the Virtues of Port", p. 348
The Flamingo's Smile (1985)

“But here I stop—short of any deterministic speculation that attributes specific behaviors to the possession of specific altruist or opportunist genes. Our genetic makeup permits a wide range of behaviors—from Ebenezer Scrooge before to Ebenezer Scrooge after. I do not believe that the miser hoards through opportunist genes or that the philanthropist gives because nature endowed him with more than the normal complement of altruist genes. Upbringing, culture, class, status, and all the intangibles that we call “free will,” determine how we restrict our behaviors from the wide spectrum—extreme altruism to extreme selfishness—that our genes permit.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Ever Since Darwin

"So Cleverly Kind an Animal", p. 266
Ever Since Darwin (1977)

“In short, the root-head turns the crab into a Darwinian cipher, a feeding machine working entirely in the parasite's service. The castrated crab can make no contribution to its own evolutionary history; its "Darwinian fitness" has become flat zero. …But ever so carefully, for the parasite must maintain the crab in constant and perfect servitude - not draining the host enough to kill this golden goose, but not letting the crab do anything for its own Darwinian benefit.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms

Triumph of the Root-Heads, p. 369
Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (1998)

“The truly awesome intellectuals in our history have not merely made discoveries; they have woven variegated, but firm, tapestries of comprehensive coverage. The tapestries have various fates: Most burn or unravel in the footsteps of time and the fires of later discovery. But their glory lies in their integrity as unified structures of great complexity and broad implication.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Eight Little Piggies

"Men of the Thirty-Third Division: An Essay on Integrity", p. 125
Eight Little Piggies (1993)

“Before Kuhn, most scientists followed the place-a-stone-in-the-bright-temple-of-knowledge tradition, and would have told you that they hoped, above all, to lay many of the bricks, perhaps even the keystone, of truth's temple. Now most scientists of vision hope to foment revolution. We are, therefore, awash in revolutions, most self-proclaimed.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro An Urchin in the Storm

"Cardboard Darwinism", p. 27
An Urchin in the Storm (1987)

“When scientists need to explain difficult points of theory, illustration by hypothetical example - rather than by total abstraction - works well (perhaps indispensably) as a rhetorical device. Such cases do not function as speculations in the pejorative sense - as silly stories that provide insight into complex mechanisms - but rather as idealized illustrations to exemplify a difficult point of theory. (Other fields, like philosophy and the law, use such conjectural cases as a standard device.)”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms

"The Tallest Tale", p. 310
Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (1998)

“Phony psychics like Uri Geller have had particular success in bamboozling scientists with ordinary stage magic, because only scientists are arrogant enough to think that they always observe with rigorous and objective scrutiny, and therefore could never be so fooled—while ordinary mortals know perfectly well that good performers can always find a way to trick people.”

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Stephen Jay Gould

Origine: The Mismeasure of Man (1996), p. 36

“The human mind delights in finding pattern—so much so that we often mistake coincidence or forced analogy for profound meaning. No other habit of thought lies so deeply within the soul of a small creature trying to make sense of a complex world not constructed for it.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro The Flamingo's Smile

"The Rule of Five", p. 199
The Flamingo's Smile (1985)

“If genius has any common denominator, I would propose breadth of interest and the ability to construct fruitful analogies between fields.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro The Panda's Thumb

"Darwin's Middle Road", p. 66
The Panda's Thumb (1980)

“I relish the fact that we New Yorkers talk funny, and that art deco skyscrapers symbolize our city. […] But we must set boundaries to this love of variety. I accept the need, even the blessings, of standardization in practical matters: we require a worldwide telephone dialing system and a network of national highways […]. We need domains of standardization, and realms of regionalism, each in its appropriate place, and linked in mutual respect and recognition. I accept and even want McDonalds at the highway interchange—but not in my little neighborhood of ethnic restaurants, and not next to the Corn Palace in Mitchell, South Dakota.”

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Stephen Jay Gould

"Baseball : Joys and Lamentations", p. 309; originally published in The New York Review of Books (1993-11-04)
Triumph and Tragedy in Mudville (2003)

“We should take comfort in two conjoined features of nature: first, that our world is incredibly strange and therefore supremely fascinating … second, that however bizarre and arcane our world might be, nature remains potentially comprehensible to the human mind.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Dinosaur in a Haystack

"A Special Fondness for Beetles", pp. 386-387
Dinosaur in a Haystack (1995)

“We should therefore, with grace and optimism, embrace NOMA's tough-minded demand: Acknowledge the personal character of these human struggles about morals and meanings, and stop looking for definite answers in nature's construction. But many people cannot bear to surrender nature as a “transitional object”—a baby's warm blanket for our adult comfort. But when we do (for we must), nature can finally emerge in her true form: not as a distorted mirror of our needs, but as our most fascinating companion. Only then can we unite the patches built by our separate magisteria into a beautiful and coherent quilt called wisdom.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro I pilastri del tempo

Rocks of Ages: Science and Religion in the Fullness of Life (Ballantine, 1999), p. 178

“I am willing to believe that my unobtainable sixty seconds within a sponge or a flatworm might not reveal any mental acuity that I would care to call consciousness. But I am also confident […] that vultures and sloths, as close evolutionary relatives with the same basic set of organs, lie on our side of any meaningful (and necessarily fuzzy) border—and that we are therefore not mistaken when we look them in the eye and see a glimmer of emotional and conceptual affinity.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms

"Can We Truly Know Sloth and Rapacity?" pp. 389–390
Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (1998)

“The problem may be briefly stated: What does "median mortality of eight months" signify in our vernacular? I suspect that most people, without training in statistics, would read such a statement as "I will probably be dead in eight months" - the very conclusion that must be avoided, since it isn't so, and since attitude matters so much.”

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Stephen Jay Gould

The Median Isn't the Message (1985)

“All interesting issues in natural history are questions of relative frequency, not single examples. Everything happens once amidst the richness of nature. But when an unanticipated phenomenon occurs again and again—finally turning into an expectation—then theories are overturned.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Wonderful Life

Origine: Wonderful Life (1989), p. 136

“The divine tape recorder holds a million scenarios, each perfectly sensible. Little quirks at the outset, occurring for no particular reason, unleash cascades of consequences that make a particular feature seem inevitable in retrospect. But the slightest early nudge contacts a different groove, and history veers into another plausible channel, diverging continually from its original pathway. The end results are so different, the initial perturbation so apparently trivial.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Wonderful Life

Origine: Wonderful Life (1989), pp. 320–321

“What constitutes the primordium of the adult parasite [ Rhizocephala ]? What can be injected through the narrow opening of the dart's hypodermic device? …Imagine going through such complexity as nauplius, cyprid, and kentrogon - and then paring yourself down to just a few cells for a quick and hazardous transition to the adult stage. What a minimal bridge at such a crucial transition! …But other species have achieved the ultimate reduction to a single cell! The dart injects just one cell into the host's interior, and the two parts of the life cyle maintain their indispensable continuity by an absolutely minimal connection - as though, within the rhizocephalan life cycle, nature has inserted a stage analogous to the fertilized egg that establishes minimal connection between generations in ordinary sexual organisms.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms

Triumph of the Root-Heads, p. 363
Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (1998)

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