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Frasi di Stephen Jay Gould
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Stephen Jay Gould è stato un biologo, zoologo, paleontologo e storico della scienza statunitense.

Docente di zoologia e geologia all'università di Harvard e profondo studioso dell'evoluzionismo, vinse l'American Book Award for Science per Intelligenza e pregiudizio. Ottenne, inoltre, il premio della National Book's Critic Circle Award, un'organizzazione senza scopo di lucro, formata da circa 700 critici letterari interessati ad onorare la qualità di scrittura e comunicazione.

È considerato uno dei divulgatori scientifici più prolifici ed influenti della sua generazione. In questa veste scrisse oltre 300 saggi pubblicati su Natural History e poi raccolti in vari volumi alcuni dei quali tradotti anche in italiano, come Il pollice del panda, Risplendi grande lucciola, Bravo brontosauro, La vita meravigliosa.

In molte occasioni si espresse contro l'oppressione culturale in tutte le sue forme, in special modo contro la pseudoscienza al servizio del razzismo e contro l'insegnamento del creazionismo come teoria scientifica; fu anche ideatore e principale sostenitore del "Principio dei Magisteri Non Sovrapposti" il quale suppone una compatibilità fra religione e scienza, in quanto esse si occuperebbero di due piani differenti non sovrapponibili.

Dopo aver ottenuto un PhD alla Columbia University, nel 1967 divenne un ricercatore ad Harvard. Aiutò nel 1972 Niles Eldredge a sviluppare la sua teoria degli equilibri punteggiati in cui si sostiene che i cambiamenti evolutivi avvengono in periodi di tempo relativamente brevi sotto l'impulso di stress ambientali, separati da lunghi periodi di stabilità evolutiva delle forme di vita.

La sua accesa e prolungata polemica contro Richard Dawkins e le sue posizioni sul gradualismo evolutivo filetico nasce dalla sua opposizione al determinismo ad esso sotteso, a favore dell'indeterminismo che secondo Gould sta alla base della maggior parte dei processi biologici innovativi. Nella visione gouldiana, come peraltro in quella già di Jacques Monod e di tutti i biologi evoluzionisti , il caso produce il nuovo, mentre la necessità, attraverso la selezione naturale che opera in base a causalità lineare, conserva l'adatto ed elimina l'inadatto. Wikipedia  

✵ 10. Settembre 1941 – 20. Maggio 2002
Stephen Jay Gould: 280 citazioni0 Mi piace

Stephen Jay Gould frasi celebri

“[Su Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, naturalista tedesco autore di una classificazione delle razze umane che è stata accettata dai moderni fautori del cosiddetto «Razzismo scientifico»] Senza dubbio Blumenbach merita il nostro plauso come il meno razzista, il più egalitario e il più benevolo fra tutti gli scrittori illuministi che trattarono l'argomento della diversità umana. È veramente singolare che un uomo così consacrato a sostenere l'unità degli esseri umani e l'irrilevanza delle differenze morali e intellettuali fra i gruppi, debba aver cambiato la geometria mentale che descrive l'ordine umano convertendola in uno schema che da allora ha promosso il razzismo convenzionale. Eppure, a ripensarci, questa situazione non dovrebbe essere considerata tanto singolare o insolita, giacché da sempre moltissimi scienziati sono stati inconsapevoli dei meccanismi mentali, e in particolare delle implicazioni visive o geometriche, alle spalle delle loro particolari teorie (e alla base di tutto il pensiero umano in generale).”

Stephen Jay Gould

da I Have Landed, p. 395

“La maggior parte degli impedimenti alla comprensione scientifica sono blocchi al livello dei concetti, non lacune al livello dei fatti. Gli ostacoli più difficili da superare sono le tendenze che sfuggono al nostro controllo cosciente per il fatto di sembrare così ovviamente, così ineluttabilmente giuste. Noi conosciamo nel modo migliore noi stessi e tendiamo a interpretare in relazione a noi stessi gli altri organismi: a vedere riflesse in essi la nostra costituzione e le nostre organizzazioni sociali. (Per quasi due millenni Aristotele e i suoi successori chiamarono re la grande ape che guida lo sciame.)”

Stephen Jay Gould

da Risplendi grande lucciola, p. 18

“Maria Montessori non limitò la sua attività a una riforma pedagogica per l'infanzia, ma per molti anni tenne corsi di antropologia all'Università di Roma. A dir poco, non fu certo una sostenitrice dell'egalitarismo. Accettò la maggior parte del lavoro di Broca e fu una sostenitrice della teoria della criminalità innata sviluppata da Cesare Lombroso. Misurò quindi la circonferenza delle teste dei bambini nelle sue scuole e dedusse che quelli con migliori prospettive avevano cervelli più grandi.”

Stephen Jay Gould libro Intelligenza e pregiudizio

Origine: Intelligenza e pregiudizio, p. 100

“L'argomento comune di questi disparati giudizi è la teoria dell'uomo delinquente di Cesare Lombroso, probabilmente la dottrina più influente mai emersa dalla tradizione antropometrica. Lombroso descrisse l'intuizione che condusse alla sua teoria della criminalità innata e alla disciplina da lui fondata: l'antropologia criminale. Nel 1870, Lombroso stava cercando di scoprire le differenze anatomiche tra uomini criminali e uomini insani, "senza avere molto successo". Poi, "la mattina di un triste giorno di dicembre", esaminò il cranio del famoso brigante Villella ed ebbe quel lampo di felice intuizione che contrassegna sia la scoperta brillante che la folle invenzione. Vide in quel cranio una serie di lineamenti atavici che ricordavano un passato scimmiesco piuttosto che un presente umano.”

Stephen Jay Gould libro Intelligenza e pregiudizio

Origine: Intelligenza e pregiudizio, p. 128

“La scienza, dal momento che viene praticata dall'uomo, è un'attività socialmente inserita. Essa progredisce per impressioni, immaginazione e intuizione. La maggioranza dei suoi cambiamenti nel tempo non registra un avvicinamento alla verità assoluta, ma il mutamento dei contesti culturali che la influenzano così fortemente. I fatti non sono frammenti puri e incontaminati d'informazione; anche la cultura influenza che cosa vediamo e come la vediamo. Le teorie, inoltre, non sono inesorabili induzioni da fatti. Le teorie più creative sono spesso visioni fantasiose imposte sui fatti: anche la fonte di immaginazione è fortemente culturale.”

Stephen Jay Gould libro Intelligenza e pregiudizio

Origine: Intelligenza e pregiudizio, p. 43

“Propongo di evidenziare questo principio fondamentale della rispettosa non interferenza - accompagnata da un dialogo intenso tra le due sfere distinte, ciascuna relativa a un aspetto centrale dell'esistenza umana - enunciando il principio dei MNS, ovvero dei "Magisteri non sovrapposti". Spero che i miei colleghi cattolici non se la prendano per l'appropriazione di questo termine così ricorrente nel loro linguaggio, perché la parola "magistero", derivata dal latino magister, maestro, sta a significare l'autorità dell'insegnamento.”

Stephen Jay Gould libro I pilastri del tempo

Origine: I pilastri del tempo, p. 13

Stephen Jay Gould: Frasi in inglese

“The intricate and different life cycles of both male and female root-heads, and the great behavioral sophistication shown by the female in reconfiguring a host crab as a support system, all underscore the myopia of our conventional wisdom in regarding rhizocephalans as degenerate parasites because the adult anatomy of internal roots and external sac seem so simple.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms

Triumph of the Root-Heads, p. 371
Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (1998)

“I love these tales because, in more reasonable attributions of motive, they so beautifully embody a fundamental theme of historical explanation - that consequences of substantial import often arise from triggers of entirely different intent. In other words, current utility bears no necessary relationship with historical origin.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms

"The Tallest Tale", p. 302
Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (1998)

“I can only look from the outside (or cut into the inside, but flesh and genes do not reveal organic totality). I am stuck with a panoply of ineluctably indirect methods - some very sophisticated to be sure. I can atomize, experiment, and infer. I can record reams of data about behaviors and responses. But if I could be a beetle or a bacillus for that one precious minute - and live to tell the tale in perfect memory - then I might truly fulfill Darwin's dictum penned into an early notebook containing the first full flowering of his evolutionary ideas during the late 1830's: "He who understands the baboon would do more towards metaphysics than Locke."”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms

"Can We Truly Know Sloth and Rapacity?" pp. 376
Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (1998)

“Wallace's error on human intellect arose from the inadequacy of his rigid selectionism, not from a failure to apply it. And his argument repays our study today, since its flaw persists as the weak link in many of the most “modern” evolutionary speculations of our current literature. For Wallace's rigid selectionism is much closer than Darwin's pluralism to the attitude embodied in our favored theory today, which, ironically in this context, goes by the name of “Neo-Darwinism.””

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Stephen Jay Gould libro The Panda's Thumb

"Natural Selection and the Human Brain: Darwin vs. Wallace", p. 54
The Panda's Thumb (1980)

“This essay treats the most celebrated story in the extreme simplification in an adult parasite - in the interests of illuminating, reconciling, and, perhaps, even resolving two major biases that have so hindered our understanding of natural history: the misequation of evolution with progress, and the undervaluing of an organism by considering only its adult form and not the entire life cycle.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms

Triumph of the Root-Heads, p. 356
Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (1998)

“Great thinkers build their edifices with subtle consistency. We do our intellectual forebears an enormous disservice when we dismember their visions and scan their systems in order to extract a few disembodied “gems”—thoughts or claims still accepted as true. These disarticulated pieces then become the entire legacy of our ancestors, and we lose the beauty and coherence of older systems that might enlighten us by their unfamiliarity—and their consequent challenge—in our fallible (and complacent) modern world.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Eight Little Piggies

"A Tale of Three Pictures", p. 437–438
Eight Little Piggies (1993)

“[In natural history, ] great discovery often requires a map to a hidden mine filled with gems then easily gathered by conventional tools, not a shiny new space-age machine for penetrating previously inaccessible worlds.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro The Lying Stones of Marrakech

"Of Embryos and Ancestors", p. 318
The Lying Stones of Marrakech (2001)

“Thus, we have three principles for increasing adequacy of data: if you must work with a single object, look for imperfections that record historical descent; if several objects are available, try to render them as stages of a single historical process; if processes can be directly observed, sum up their effects through time. One may discuss these principles directly or recognize the “little problems” that Darwin used to exemplify them: orchids, coral reefs, and worms—the middle book, the first, and the last.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes

"Worm for a Century, and All Seasons", p. 132
Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes (1983)

“It is so hard for an evolutionary biologist to write about extinction caused by human stupidity. […] Let me then float an unconventional plea, the inverse of the usual argument. […] The extinction of Partula is unfair to Partula. That is the conventional argument, and I do not challenge its primacy. But we need a humanistic ecology as well, both for the practical reason that people will always touch people more than snails do or can, and for the moral reason that humans are legitimately the measure of all ethical questions—for these are our issues, not nature's.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Eight Little Piggies

"Unenchanted Evening", p. 39
Eight Little Piggies (1993)

“God bless all the precious little examples and all their cascading implications; without these gems, these tiny acorns bearing the blueprints of oak trees, essayists would be out of business.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Questioning the Millennium

Questioning the Millennium (second edition, Harmony, 1999), p. 42

“[A]s a graduate student at Columbia University, I remember the a priori derision of my distinguished stratigraphy professor toward a visiting Australian drifter [a supporter of the theory of continental drift]. […] Today […] my own students would dismiss with even more derision anyone who denied the evident truth of continental drift—a prophetic madman is at least amusing; a superannuated fuddy-duddy is merely pitiful.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Ever Since Darwin

"The Validation of Continental Drift", pp. 160–61
Ever Since Darwin (1977)

“The oppressive weight of disaster and tragedy in our lives does not arise from a high percentage of evil among the summed total of all acts, but from the extraordinary power of exceedingly rare incidents of depravity to inflict catastrophic damage, especially in our technological age when airplanes can become powerful bombs. (An even more evil man, armed only with a longbow, could not have wreaked such havoc at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415.)”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro I Have Landed

"The Good People of Halifax", p. 390 (originally appeared in The Globe and Mail, 2001-09-20)
I Have Landed (2002)

“We build our personalities laboriously and through many years, and we cannot order fundamental changes just because we might value their utility; no button reading “positive attitude” protrudes from our hearts, and no finger can coerce positivity into immediate action by a single and painless pressing.”

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Stephen Jay Gould

Origine: Full House (1996), p. 47

“As a nation, we are too young to have true mythic heroes, and we must press real human beings into service. Honest Abe Lincoln the legend is quite a different character from Abraham Lincoln the man. And so should they be. And so should both be treasured, as long as they are distinguished. In a complex and confusing world, the perfect clarity of sports provides a focus for legitimate, utterly unambiguous support [or] disdain. The Dodgers are evil, the Yankees good. They really are, and have been for as long as anyone in my family can remember.”

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Stephen Jay Gould

"Diamonds are a Fan's Best Friend", pp. 246–247; originally published in Washington Post Book World (1981-06-21)
Triumph and Tragedy in Mudville (2003)

“We inhabit a complex world. Some boundaries are sharp and permit clean and definite distinctions. But nature also includes continua that cannot be neatly parceled into two piles of unambiguous yeses and noes. Biologists have rejected, as fatally flawed in principle, all attempts by anti-abortionists to define an unambiguous “beginning of life,” because we know so well that the sequence from ovulation or spermatogenesis to birth is an unbreakable continuum—and surely no one will define masturbation as murder.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro The Flamingo's Smile

"Living with Connections", p. 76
The Flamingo's Smile (1985)

“Well, evolution is a theory. It is also a fact. And facts and theories are different things, not rungs in a hierarchy of increasing certainty. Facts are the world's data. Theories are structures of ideas that explain and interpret facts. Facts do not go away while scientists debate rival theories for explaining them. Einstein's theory of gravitation replaced Newton's, but apples did not suspend themselves in mid-air pending the outcome. And human beings evolved from apelike ancestors whether they did so by Darwin's proposed mechanism or by some other, yet to be discovered. […] Evolutionists make no claim for perpetual truth, though creationists often do (and then attack us for a style of argument that they themselves favor). In science, “fact” can only mean “confirmed to such a degree that it would be perverse to withhold provisional assent.””

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes

I suppose that apples might start to rise tomorrow, but the possibility does not merit equal time in physics classrooms.
"Evolution as Fact and Theory", pp. 254–55 (originally appeared in Discover Magazine, May 1981)
Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes (1983)

“The human brain became large by natural selection (who knows why, but presumably for good cause). Yet surely most “things” now done by our brains, and essential both to our cultures and to our very survival, are epiphenomena of the computing power of this machine, not genetically grounded Darwinian entities created specifically by natural selection for their current function.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro An Urchin in the Storm

"Cardboard Darwinism", pp. 48–49
An Urchin in the Storm (1987)

“The history of a species, or any natural phenomenon that requires unbroken continuity in a world of trouble, works like a batting streak. All are games of a gambler playing with a limited stake against a house with infinite resources. The gambler must eventually go bust. His aim can only be to stick around as long as possible, to have some fun while he's at it, and, if he happens to be a moral agent as well, to worry about staying the course with honor.”

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Stephen Jay Gould

"The Streak of Streaks", pp. 186–187; originally published in The New York Review of Books (1988-08-18)
Triumph and Tragedy in Mudville (2003)

“Good scholars struggle to understand the world in an integral way (pedants bite off tiny bits and worry them to death). These visions of reality […] demand our respect, for they are an intellectual's only birthright. They are often entirely wrong and always flawed in serious ways, but they must be understood honorably and not subjected to mayhem by the excision of patches.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Eight Little Piggies

"Men of the Thirty-Third Division: An Essay on Integrity", p. 136
Eight Little Piggies (1993)

“Words change their meanings, just as organisms evolve. We would impose an enormous burden on our economy if we insisted on payment in cattle every time we identified a bonus as a pecuniary advantage (from the Latin pecus, or cattle, a verbal fossil from a former commercial reality).”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro The Structure of Evolutionary Theory

Origine: The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (2002), p. 1070

“The world is full of signals that we don't perceive. Tiny creatures live in a different world of unfamiliar forces. Many animals of our scale greatly exceed our range of perception for sensations familiar to us. […] What an imperceptive lot we are. Surrounded by so much, so fascinating and so real, that we do not see (hear, smell, touch, taste) in nature, yet so gullible and so seduced by claims for novel power that we mistake the tricks of mediocre magicians for glimpses of a psychic world beyond our ken. The paranormal may be a fantasy; it is certainly a haven for charlatans. But “parahuman” powers of perception lie all about us in birds, bees, and bacteria.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro The Panda's Thumb

"Natural Attraction: Bacteria, the Birds, and the Bees", p. 313
The Panda's Thumb (1980)

“The progress of science requires more than new data; it needs novel frameworks and contexts. And where do these fundamentally new views of the world arise? They are not simply discovered by pure observation; they require new modes of thought. And where can we find them, if old modes do not even include the right metaphors? The nature of true genius must lie in the elusive capacity to construct these new modes from apparent darkness. The basic chanciness and unpredictability of science must also reside in the inherent difficulty of such a task.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro The Flamingo's Smile

"False Premise, Good Science", p. 138
The Flamingo's Smile (1985)

“There are no shortcuts to moral insight. Nature is not intrinsically anything that can offer comfort or solace in human terms—if only because our species is such an insignificant latecomer in a world not constructed for us. So much the better. The answers to moral dilemmas are not lying out there, waiting to be discovered. They reside, like the kingdom of God, within us—the most difficult and inaccessible spot for any discovery or consensus.”

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Stephen Jay Gould

"Kropotkin was no Crackpot", p. 339
Bully for Brontosaurus (1991)

“Evolving life must experience a vast range of possibilities, based on environmental histories so unpredictable that no realized route - the pathway to consciousness in the form of Homo sapiens or Little Green Men, for example - can be construed as a highway to heaven, but must be viewed as a tortuous track rutted with uncountable obstacles and festooned with innumerable alternative branches. Any reasonably precise repetition of our earthly route on another planet therefore becomes wildly improbable even in a trillion cases.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms

"War of the Worldviews", p. 351
Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (1998)

“A very sincere and serious freshman student came to my office with a question that had clearly been troubling him deeply. He said to me, “I am a devout Christian and have never had any reason to doubt evolution, an idea that seems both exciting and well documented. But my roommate, a proselytizing evangelical, has been insisting with enormous vigor that I cannot be both a real Christian and an evolutionist. So tell me, can a person believe both in God and in evolution?” Again, I gulped hard, did my intellectual duty, and reassured him that evolution was both true and entirely compatible with Christian belief—a position that I hold sincerely, but still an odd situation for a Jewish agnostic.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms

"Non-Overlapping Magisteria", p. 270
Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (1998)

“The inversion theory has a long and fascinating history in the discussion of vertebrate origins. The founding version dates to the early nineteenth century and became the centerpiece of a movement often called "transcendental biology," and centered on the attempt to reduce organic diversity to one or a very few archetypal building blocks that could generate all actual anatomies as products of rational laws of transformation. Some of Europe's greatest thinkers participated in this grand, if flawed enterprise. Goethe, Germany's preeminent poet-scientist, tried to explain the varied parts of plants as different manifestations of an archetypal leaf.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms

"Brotherhood by Inversion", p. 325
Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (1998)

“Results rarely specify their causes unambiguously. If we have no direct evidence of fossils or human chronicles, if we are forced to infer a process only from its modern results, then we are usually stymied or reduced to speculation about probabilities. For many roads lead to almost any Rome.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro The Panda's Thumb

"Senseless Signs of History", p. 34
The Panda's Thumb (1980)

“Siphonophores do not convey the message—a favorite theme of unthinking romanticism—that nature is but one gigantic whole, all its parts intimately connected and interacting in some higher, ineffable harmony. Nature revels in boundaries and distinctions; we inhabit a universe of structure. But since our universe of structure has evolved historically, it must present us with fuzzy boundaries, where one kind of thing grades into another.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro The Flamingo's Smile

"A Most Ingenious Paradox", p. 95
The Flamingo's Smile (1985)

“Will we ever again be able to view a public object with civic dignity, unencumbered by commercial messages? Must city buses be fully painted as movable ads, lampposts smothered, taxis festooned, even seats in concert halls sold one by one to donors and embellished in perpetuity with their names on silver plaques?”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro The Lying Stones of Marrakech

"The Lying Stones of Marrakech", p. 25
The Lying Stones of Marrakech (2001)

“Bowing to the reality of harried lives, Rudwick recognizes that not everyone will read every word of the meaty second section; he even explicitly gives us permission to skip if we get “bogged down in the narrative.” Readers absolutely must not do such a thing; it should be illegal. The publisher should lock up the last 60 pages, and deny access to anyone who doesn't pass a multiple-choice exam inserted into the book between parts two and three.”

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Stephen Jay Gould libro An Urchin in the Storm

"The Power of Narrative", p. 88
An Urchin in the Storm (1987)

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