Frasi di Julian Jaynes

Julian Jaynes è stato uno psicologo statunitense.

Molto noto è un suo libro, Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza , nel quale egli affermò che i popoli primitivi non erano consapevoli nella moderna accezione del termine e che la mutazione del modo di pensare umano sarebbe avvenuta nello spazio di alcuni secoli tremila anni or sono.

✵ 27. Febbraio 1920 – 21. Novembre 1997

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Julian Jaynes frasi celebri

“Questa [thumos] è la parola ipostatica di gran lunga più comune e importante dell'intero poema [l'Iliade]. Essa ha una frequenza tre volte maggiore rispetto a qualsiasi altra. In origine, nella fase oggettiva, doveva significare semplicemente un'attività percepita esteriormente, e non aveva nessuna connotazione interiore. Questo uso miceneo è documentato spesso nell' Iliade, specialmete nelle scene di battaglia, dove un guerriero che colpisce con la lancia nel posto giusto fa cessare il thumos o attività di un altro.
La seconda fase o fase interna, come abbiamo visto nell'ira di Achille, si presenta in una situazione di stress nuova, durante il periodo del crollo della mente bicamerale, quando la soglia di stress che si richiedeva per l'evocazione di voci allucinatorie era più elevata. Il thumos si riferisce allora a un insieme di sensazioni interne in risposta a crisi esterne. […] insieme di sensazioni interne che precedeva un'attività particolarmente violenta in una situazione critica. Presentandosi in modo ricorrente, il tipo di sensazione comincia ad appropriarsi del vocabolo che in precedenza designava l'attività stessa. Da questo momento in poi è il thumos a conferire forza a un gueriero in battaglia, ecc. Tutti i riferimenti al thumos come sensazione interna nell' Iliade sono in accordo con questa interpretazione.
Ora, l'importante transizione alla terza fase, quella soggettiva, è già iniziata nell' Iliade stessa, benché non ancora in modo molto appariscente. La percepiamo nella metafora inespressa del thumos come qualcosa di simile a un recipiente: in vari passi menos o vigore è «infuso» nel thumos di qualcuno (XVII, 451; XXII, 312). Il thumos viene anche paragonato implicitamente a una persona: non è Aiace che è ansioso di combattere ma il suo thumos (XIII, 73), né è Enea a rallegrarsi ma il suo thumos (XIII, 494; si veda anche XIV, 156). Se non è un dio, è il thumos a «spingere» più spesso un uomo a un'azione. E come se esso fosse un'altra persona, un uomo può parlare al suo thumos (XI, 403) e può udire ciò che questo ha da dirgli (VII, 68) o sentire la sua risposta come quella di un dio (IX, 702).
Tutte queste metafore sono estremamente importanti. Dire che le sensazioni interne di grandi mutamenti circolatori e muscolari sono una cosa in cui si può infondere forza, significa generare uno «spazio» immaginato, qui collocato sempre nel petto, che è l'antecedente dello spazio mentale della coscienza contemporanea. E confrontare la funzione di tale sensazione con quella di un'altra persona o anche con i meno frequenti interventi degli dèi significa iniziare quei processi metaforici che in seguito diventeranno l'analogo «io.»”

Origine: Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza, pp. 314-316

Julian Jaynes: Frasi in inglese

“And in this development lies the origin of civilization.”

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Book I, Chapter 6, p. 126
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)
Contesto: The bicameral mind with its controlling gods was evolved as a final stage of the evolution of language. And in this development lies the origin of civilization.

“Behavior now must be changed from within the new consciousness rather than from Mosaic laws carving behavior from without.”

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Book III, Chapter 1, p. 318
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)
Contesto: Behavior now must be changed from within the new consciousness rather than from Mosaic laws carving behavior from without. Sin and desire are now within conscious desire and conscious contrition, rather than in the external behaviors of the decalogue and the penances of temple sacrifice and community punishment. The divine kingdom to be regained is psychological not physical. It is metaphorical not literal. It is "within" not in extenso.

“Reading in the third millennium B.C. may therefore have been a matter of hearing the cuneiform,”

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Book II, Chapter 2, p. 182
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)
Contesto: Reading in the third millennium B. C. may therefore have been a matter of hearing the cuneiform, that is, hallucinating the speech from looking at its picture symbols, rather than visual reading of syllables in our sense.

“For if consciousness is based on language, then it follows that it is of much more recent origin than has been heretofore supposed. Consciousness come after language! The implications of such a position are extremely serious.”

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Book I, Chapter 2, p. 66
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)

“Our sense of justice depends on our sense of time. Justice is a phenomenon only of consciousness, because time spread out in a spatial succession is its very essence.”

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Book II, Chapter 5, p. 280
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)

“There is a complete lack of reference to business profits or loss in any of the cuneiform tablets that have been so far translated.”

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Book II, Chapter 3, p. 210 (See also: Karl Polanyi)
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)
Contesto: Such trade was not, however, a true market. There were no prices under the pressures of supply and demand, no buying and selling, and no money. It was trade in the sense of equivalences established by divine decree. There is a complete lack of reference to business profits or loss in any of the cuneiform tablets that have been so far translated.

“Subjective conscious mind is an analog of what is called the real world.”

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Book I, Chapter 2, p. 55
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)
Contesto: Subjective conscious mind is an analog of what is called the real world. It is built up with a vocabulary or lexical field whose terms are all metaphors or analogs of behavior in the physical world. Its reality is of the same order as mathematics. It allows us to shortcut behavioral processes and arrive at more adequate decisions. Like mathematics, it is an operator rather than a thing or repository. And it is intimately bound up with volition and decision.

“I shall state my thesis plain. The first poets were gods. Poetry began with the bicameral mind.”

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Book III, Chapter 3, p. 361
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)

“In a sense, we have become our own gods.”

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Book I, Chapter 3, p. 79
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)
Contesto: And when it is suggested that the inward feelings of power or inward monitions or losses of judgement are the germs out of which the divine machinery developed, I return that truth is just the reverse, that the presence of voices which had to be obeyed were the absolute prerequisite to the conscious stage of mind in which it is the self that is responsible and can debate within itself, can order and direct, and that the creation of such a self is the product of culture. In a sense, we have become our own gods.

“The Trojan War was directed by hallucinations. And the soldiers who were so directed were not at all like us. They were noble automatons who knew not what they did.”

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Book I, Chapter 3, p. 75
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)

“It is something of a lovely surprise that the irregular conjugation of our most nondescript verb is thus a record of a time when man had no independent word for 'existence' and could only say that something 'grows' or that it “breathes.””

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Book I, Chapter 2, p. 51
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)
Contesto: It is not always obvious that metaphor has played this all-important function. But this is because the concrete metaphiers become hidden in phonemic change, leaving the words to exist on their own. Even such an unmetaphorical-sounding word as the verb 'to be' was generated from a metaphor. It comes from the Sanskrit bhu, “to grow, or make grow,” while the English forms 'am' and 'is' have evolved from the same root as the Sanskrit asmi, “to breathe.” It is something of a lovely surprise that the irregular conjugation of our most nondescript verb is thus a record of a time when man had no independent word for 'existence' and could only say that something 'grows' or that it “breathes.”

“We are greatly in need of specific research in this area of schizophrenic experience to help us understand Mesolithic man.”

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Book I, Chapter 6, p. 137
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)

“The changes in the Catholic Church since Vatican II can certainly be scanned in terms of this long retreat from the sacred which has followed the inception of consciousness into the human species.”

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Book III, Chapter 6, p. 439
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)

“Idolatry is still a socially cohesive force - its original function.”

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Book III, Chapter 1, p. 337
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)

“The king dead is a living god.”

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Book I, Chapter 6, p. 143 ( See also: Rene Girard, and James George Frazer)
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)

“Memory is the medium of the must-have-been.”

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Book I, Chapter 1, p. 30
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)

“These esoteric poses of philosophy and even the paper theories of behaviorists are mere subterfuges to avoid the material we are talking about.”

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Introduction, p. 16
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)

“Consciousness is a much smaller part of our mental life than we are conscious of, because we cannot be conscious of what we are not conscious of.”

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Book I, Chapter 1, p. 23
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)

“It is by metaphor that language grows.”

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Book I, Chapter 2, p. 49
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)

“Civilization is the art of living in towns of such size that everyone does not know everyone else.”

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Book II, Chapter 1, p. 149
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)

“Poetry, from describing external events objectively, is becoming subjectified into a poetry of personal conscious expression.”

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Book II, Chapter 5, p. 274
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)

“The mind is still haunted with its old unconscious ways; it broods on lost authorities; and the yearning, the deep and hollowing yearning for divine volition and service is with us still.”

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Book II, Chapter 6, p. 313
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)

“Every god is a jealous god after the breakdown of the bicameral mind.”

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Book III, Chapter 1, p. 336
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)

“If we would understand the Scientific Revolution correctly, we should always remember that its most powerful impetus was the unremitting search for hidden divinity. As such, it is a direct descendant of the breakdown of the bicameral mind.”

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Book III, Chapter 6, p. 435
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)

“This breakdown in the bicameral mind in what is called the Intermediate Period is reminiscent at least of those periodic breakdowns of Mayan civilizations when all authority suddenly collapsed, and the population melted back into tribal living in the jungles.”

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Book II, Chapter 2, p. 197
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)

“We know too much to command ourselves very far.”

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Book III, Chapter 4, p. 402
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)

“The language of men was involved with only one hemisphere in order to leave the other free for the language of the gods.”

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Book I, Chapter 5, p. 103-104
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)

“The vestiges of the bicameral mind do not exist in any empty psychological space.”

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Book III, Chapter 2, p. 355
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)

“Indeed, it is sometimes almost as if the problem had to be forgotten to be solved.”

Julian Jaynes libro Il crollo della mente bicamerale e l'origine della coscienza

Book I, Chapter 1, p. 44
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976)

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