Lavori
Teoria generale dell'occupazione, dell'interesse e della moneta
John Maynard Keynes
Le conseguenze economiche della pace
John Maynard KeynesJohn Maynard Keynes frasi celebri
Teoria generale dell'occupazione, dell'interesse e della moneta
Origine: Citato in il manifesto, 20 settembre 2008.
“Quando si risparmiano cinque scellini, si lascia senza lavoro un uomo per una giornata.”
1968, p. 122
Esortazioni e profezie
1975, p. 272
Esortazioni e profezie
1975, p. 121
Esortazioni e profezie
Origine: Da Le conseguenze economiche della pace (The Economic Consequences of the Peace, 1919), traduzione di Franco Salvatorelli, Adelphi, Milano, 2007.
Frasi su problemi di John Maynard Keynes
Prospettive economiche per i nostri nipoti
Variante: La nostra evoluzione naturale, con tutti i nostri impulsi e i nostri istinti più profondi, è avvenuta al fine di risolvere il problema economico. Ove questo fosse risolto, l’umanità rimarrebbe priva del suo scopo tradizionale. Sarà un bene? Se crediamo almeno un poco nei valori della vita, si apre per lo meno una possibilità che diventi un bene. Eppure io penso con terrore al ridimensionamento di abitudini e istinti dell’uomo comune, abitudini e istinti concresciuti in lui per innumerevoli generazioni e che gli sarà chiesto di scartare nel giro di pochi decenni.
Per adoperare il linguaggio moderno, non dobbiamo forse attenderci un ‘collasso nervoso’ generale’?... Per chi suda il pane quotidiano il tempo libero è un piacere agognato: fino al momento in cui l’ottiene. Ricordiamo l’epitaffio che scrisse per la sua tomba quella vecchia donna di servizio: "Non portate il lutto, amici, non piangete per me che finalmente non farò niente, niente per l’eternità." Questo era il suo paradiso. Come altri che aspirano al tempo libero, la donna di servizio immaginava solo quanto sarebbe stato bello passare il tempo a fare da spettatore. C’erano, infatti, altri due versi nell’epitaffio: "Il paradiso risuonerà di salmi e di dolci musiche ma io non farò la fatica di cantare." Eppure la vita sarà tollerabile solo per quelli che partecipano al canto: e quanto pochi di noi sanno cantare!
Per la prima volta dalla sua creazione, l’uomo si troverà di fronte al suo vero, costante problema: come impiegare la sua libertà dalle cure economiche più pressanti, come impiegare il tempo libero che la scienza e l’interesse composto gli avranno guadagnato, per vivere bene, piacevolmente e con saggezza.... Per ancora molte generazioni l’istinto del vecchio Adamo rimarrà così forte in noi che avremo bisogno di un qualche lavoro per essere soddisfatti. Faremo, per servire noi stessi, più cose di quante ne facciano di solito i ricchi d’oggi, e saremo fin troppo felici di avere limitati doveri, compiti, routines. Ma oltre a ciò dovremo adoperarci a far parti accurate di questo ‘pane’ affinché il poco lavoro che ancora rimane sia distribuito tra quanta più gente possibile. Turni di tre ore e settimana lavorativa di quindici ore possono tenere a bada il problema per un buon periodo di tempo. Tre ore di lavoro al giorno, infatti, sono più che sufficienti per soddisfare il vecchio Adamo che è in ciascuno di noi.
1968
Teoria generale dell'occupazione, dell'interesse e della moneta
Prospettive economiche per i nostri nipoti
Variante: Siamo colpiti da una nuova malattia di cui alcuni lettori possono non conoscere ancora il nome, ma di cui sentiranno molto parlare nei prossimi anni: vale a dire la disoccupazione tecnologica. Il che significa che la disoccupazione dovuta alla scoperta di strumenti economizzatori di manodopera procede con ritmo più rapido di quello con cui riusciamo a trovare nuovi impieghi per la stessa manodopera.
Ma questa è solo una fase di squilibrio transitoria. Visto in prospettiva, infatti, ciò significa che l’umanità sta procedendo alla soluzione del suo problema economico. Mi sentirei di affermare che di qui a cent’anni il livello di vita dei paesi in progresso sarà da quattro a otto volte superiore a quello odierno. Né vi sarebbe nulla di sorprendente alla luce delle nostre conoscenze attuali. Non sarebbe fuori luogo prendere in considerazione la possibilità di progressi anche superiori.
Prospettive economiche per i nostri nipoti
Variante: L'efficienza tecnica è andata intensificandosi con ritmo più rapido di quello con cui riusciamo a risolvere il problema dell'assorbimento della manodopera [... ].
John Maynard Keynes Frasi e Citazioni
Origine: Da Alfred Marshall, 1842-1924, The Economic Journal, vol. 34, No. 135 (Sep., 1924), pp. 321-322; citato in Mankiw N. Gregory, Principi di economia, Zanichelli, Bologna, 2004.
“Il momento giusto per l'austerità al Tesoro è l'espansione, non la recessione.”
da lettera al Presidente degli Stati Uniti Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1937
Origine: Citato in Sebastiano Maffettone, Ricchezza e nobiltà, L'Espresso, anno LII, n. 47, 30 novembre 2006.
Origine: Dalla prefazione all'edizione francese di Teoria generale dell'occupazione, dell'interesse e della moneta; citato in Raymond Aron, Le tappe del pensiero sociologico, CDE, Milano, 1984, p. 35.
Origine: Da La fine del laissez-faire.
Origine: Da una lettera a James E. Meade dell'aprile 1943.
1968
Teoria generale dell'occupazione, dell'interesse e della moneta
1975, p. 237
Esortazioni e profezie
“È meglio che un uomo sia tiranno con il suo conto in banca che con i suoi concittadini.”
Teoria generale dell'occupazione, dell'interesse e della moneta
Origine: Da Teoria generale dell'occupazione, dell'interesse e della moneta, Il Sole 24 Ore, cap. VI, p. 512.
“Le persone timide in posizione di responsabilità sono un passivo per la nazione.”
Origine: Da un'intervista del 14 novembre 1979; citato in Federico Caffè, Scritti quotidiani, Manifestolibri, Roma, 2007, p. 128.
1968, p. 281
Esortazioni e profezie
2006, p. 199
Teoria generale dell'occupazione, dell'interesse e della moneta
2006, p. 224
Teoria generale dell'occupazione, dell'interesse e della moneta
2006, pp. 403-404
Teoria generale dell'occupazione, dell'interesse e della moneta
2006, p. 344
Teoria generale dell'occupazione, dell'interesse e della moneta
2006, p. 426
Teoria generale dell'occupazione, dell'interesse e della moneta
1971
Teoria generale dell'occupazione, dell'interesse e della moneta
2006, p. 557
Teoria generale dell'occupazione, dell'interesse e della moneta
1968
Teoria generale dell'occupazione, dell'interesse e della moneta
1975, p. 215
Esortazioni e profezie
1975, p. 144
Esortazioni e profezie
1975, p. 277
Esortazioni e profezie
1975, p. 148
Esortazioni e profezie
“La difficoltà non risiede nelle idee nuove, ma nello sfuggire a quelle vecchie.”
Origine: Citato in AA.VV., Il libro dell'economia, traduzione di Olga Amagliani e Martina Dominici, Gribaudo, 2018, p. 158. ISBN 9788858014158
John Maynard Keynes: Frasi in inglese
“In truth, the gold standard is already a barbarous relic.”
A Tract on Monetary Reform (1923), p. 172
Contesto: Those who advocate the return to a gold standard do not always appreciate along what different lines our actual practice has been drifting. If we restore the gold standard, are we to return also to the pre-war conceptions of bank-rate, allowing the tides of gold to play what tricks they like with the internal price-level, and abandoning the attempt to moderate the disastrous influence of the credit-cycle on the stability of prices and employment? Or are we to continue and develop the experimental innovations of our present policy, ignoring the "bank ration" and, if necessary, allowing unmoved a piling up of gold reserves far beyond our requirements or their depletion far below them? In truth, the gold standard is already a barbarous relic.
as quoted in "Keynes and the Ethics of Capitalism" by Robert Skidelsy http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1256603608595872&url=www.geocities.com/monedem/keyn.html
Essays in Persuasion (1931), Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren (1930)
Contesto: When the accumulation of wealth is no longer of high social importance, there will be great changes in the code of morals. We shall be able to rid ourselves of many of the pseudo-moral principles which have hag-ridden us for two hundred years, by which we have exalted some of the most distasteful of human qualities into the position of the highest virtues. We shall be able to afford to dare to assess the money-motive at its true value. The love of money as a possession — as distinguished from the love of money as a means to the enjoyments and realities of life — will be recognised for what it is, a somewhat disgusting morbidity, one of those semi-criminal, semi-pathological propensities which one hands over with a shudder to the specialists in mental disease … But beware! The time for all this is not yet. For at least another hundred years we must pretend to ourselves and to everyone that fair is foul and foul is fair; for foul is useful and fair is not. Avarice and usury and precaution must be our gods for a little longer still. For only they can lead us out of the tunnel of economic necessity into daylight.
Origine: Essays In Biography (1933), Preface, p. viii
Contesto: I have sought with some touches of detail to bring out the solidarity and historical continuity of the High Intelligentsia of England, who have built up the foundations of our thought in the two and a half centuries, since Locke, in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, wrote the first modern English book. I relate below the amazing progeny of Sir George Villiers. But the lineage of the High Intelligentsia is hardly less interbred and spiritually inter-mixed. Let the Villiers Connection fascinate the monarch or the mob and rule, or seem to rule, passing events. There is also a pride of sentiment to claim spiritual kinship with the Locke Connection and that long English line, intellectually and humanly linked with one another, to which the names in my second section belong. If not the wisest, yet the most truthful of men. If not the most personable, yet the queerest and sweetest. If not the most practical, yet of the purest public conscience. If not of high artistic genius, yet the most solid and sincere accomplishment within many of the fields which are ranged by the human mind.
as quoted in "Keynes and the Ethics of Capitalism" by Robert Skidelsy http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1256603608595872&url=www.geocities.com/monedem/keyn.html
Essays in Persuasion (1931), Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren (1930)
Contesto: When the accumulation of wealth is no longer of high social importance, there will be great changes in the code of morals. We shall be able to rid ourselves of many of the pseudo-moral principles which have hag-ridden us for two hundred years, by which we have exalted some of the most distasteful of human qualities into the position of the highest virtues. We shall be able to afford to dare to assess the money-motive at its true value. The love of money as a possession — as distinguished from the love of money as a means to the enjoyments and realities of life — will be recognised for what it is, a somewhat disgusting morbidity, one of those semi-criminal, semi-pathological propensities which one hands over with a shudder to the specialists in mental disease … But beware! The time for all this is not yet. For at least another hundred years we must pretend to ourselves and to everyone that fair is foul and foul is fair; for foul is useful and fair is not. Avarice and usury and precaution must be our gods for a little longer still. For only they can lead us out of the tunnel of economic necessity into daylight.
Origine: The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936), Ch. 24 "Concluding Notes" p. 383-384
Contesto: The ideas of economists and political philosophers, both when they are right and when they are wrong, are more powerful than is commonly understood. Indeed the world is ruled by little else. Practical men, who believe themselves to be quite exempt from any intellectual influence, are usually the slaves of some defunct economist. Madmen in authority, who hear voices in the air, are distilling their frenzy from some academic scribbler of a few years back. I am sure that the power of vested interests is vastly exaggerated compared with the gradual encroachment of ideas. Not, indeed, immediately, but after a certain interval; for in the field of economic and political philosophy there are not many who are influenced by new theories after they are twenty-five or thirty years of age, so that the ideas which civil servants and politicians and even agitators apply to current events are not likely to be the newest. But, soon or late, it is ideas, not vested interests, which are dangerous for good or evil.
“When my information changes, I alter my conclusions. What do you do, sir?”
Reply to a criticism during the Great Depression of having changed his position on monetary policy, as quoted in "The Keynes Centenary" by Paul Samuelson, in The Economist Vol. 287 (June 1983), p. 19; later in The Collected Scientific Papers of Paul Samuelson, Volume 5 (1986), p. 275; also in Understanding Political Development: an Analytic Study (1987) by Myron Weiner, Samuel P. Huntington and Gabriel Abraham Almond, p. xxiv; this has also been paraphrased as "When the facts change, I change my mind. What do you do, sir?"
Attributed
“I should have drunk more champagne.”
Last Words, as quoted in Ben Trovato's Art of Survival (2007) by Ben Trovato, p. 196
Attributed
On the Conservative Party; Skidelsky (1992:231) quoting Collected Writings Volume IX page 296-297
On Friedrich Hayek's Prices and Production, in Collected Writings, vol. XII, p. 252
Origine: Essays In Biography (1933), Alfred Marshall, p. 212
Essays in Persuasion (1931), A Short View of Russia (1925)
Contesto: Leninism is a combination of two things which Europeans have kept for some centuries in different compartments of the soul — religion and business. We are shocked because the religion is new, and contemptuous because the business, being subordinated to the religion instead of the other way round, is highly inefficient.
Collected Writings volume xxviii pages 21-22
Contesto: The boys, who cannot grow up to adult human nature, are beating the prophets of the ancient race — Marx, Freud, Einstein — who have been tearing at our social, personal and intellectual roots, tearing with an objectivity which to the healthy animal seems morbid, depriving everything, as it seems, of the warmth of natural feeling. What traditional retort have the schoolboys but a kick in the pants?...
To our generation Einstein has been made to become a double symbol — a symbol of the mind travelling in the cold regions of space, and a symbol of the brave and generous outcast, pure in heart and cheerful of spirit. Himself a schoolboy, too, but the other kind — with ruffled hair, soft hands and a violin. See him as he squats on Cromer beach doing sums, Charlie Chaplin with the brow of Shakespeare...
So it is not an accident that the Nazi lads vent a particular fury against him. He does truly stand for what they most dislike, the opposite of the blond beast — intellectualist, individualist, supernationalist, pacifist, inky, plump... How should they know the glory of the free-ranging intellect and soft objective sympathy to whom money and violence, drink and blood and pomp, mean absolutely nothing? Yet Albert and the blond beast make up the world between them. If either cast the other out, life is diminished in its force. When the barbarians destroy the ancient race as witches, when they refuse to scale heaven on broomsticks, they may be dooming themselves to sink back into the clods which bore them.
“Men will not always die quietly.”
Origine: The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919), Chapter VI, p. 228
Origine: Essays In Biography (1933), Preface, p. viii
Contesto: I have sought with some touches of detail to bring out the solidarity and historical continuity of the High Intelligentsia of England, who have built up the foundations of our thought in the two and a half centuries, since Locke, in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, wrote the first modern English book. I relate below the amazing progeny of Sir George Villiers. But the lineage of the High Intelligentsia is hardly less interbred and spiritually inter-mixed. Let the Villiers Connection fascinate the monarch or the mob and rule, or seem to rule, passing events. There is also a pride of sentiment to claim spiritual kinship with the Locke Connection and that long English line, intellectually and humanly linked with one another, to which the names in my second section belong. If not the wisest, yet the most truthful of men. If not the most personable, yet the queerest and sweetest. If not the most practical, yet of the purest public conscience. If not of high artistic genius, yet the most solid and sincere accomplishment within many of the fields which are ranged by the human mind.
Essays in Persuasion (1931), A Short View of Russia (1925)
Contesto: Comfort and habits let us be ready to forgo, but I am not ready for a creed which does not care how much it destroys the liberty and security of daily life, which uses deliberately the weapons of persecution, destruction and international strife. How can I admire a policy which finds a characteristic expression in spending millions to suborn spies in every family and group at home, and to stir up trouble abroad?
Collected Writings volume xxviii pages 21-22
Contesto: The boys, who cannot grow up to adult human nature, are beating the prophets of the ancient race — Marx, Freud, Einstein — who have been tearing at our social, personal and intellectual roots, tearing with an objectivity which to the healthy animal seems morbid, depriving everything, as it seems, of the warmth of natural feeling. What traditional retort have the schoolboys but a kick in the pants?...
To our generation Einstein has been made to become a double symbol — a symbol of the mind travelling in the cold regions of space, and a symbol of the brave and generous outcast, pure in heart and cheerful of spirit. Himself a schoolboy, too, but the other kind — with ruffled hair, soft hands and a violin. See him as he squats on Cromer beach doing sums, Charlie Chaplin with the brow of Shakespeare...
So it is not an accident that the Nazi lads vent a particular fury against him. He does truly stand for what they most dislike, the opposite of the blond beast — intellectualist, individualist, supernationalist, pacifist, inky, plump... How should they know the glory of the free-ranging intellect and soft objective sympathy to whom money and violence, drink and blood and pomp, mean absolutely nothing? Yet Albert and the blond beast make up the world between them. If either cast the other out, life is diminished in its force. When the barbarians destroy the ancient race as witches, when they refuse to scale heaven on broomsticks, they may be dooming themselves to sink back into the clods which bore them.
Origine: The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919), Chapter VI, pp. 235-236
Contesto: Lenin is said to have declared that the best way to destroy the capitalist system was to debauch the currency. By a continuing process of inflation, governments can confiscate, secretly and unobserved, an important part of the wealth of their citizens. By this method they not only confiscate, but they confiscate arbitrarily; and, while the process impoverishes many, it actually enriches some. The sight of this arbitrary rearrangement of riches strikes not only at security, but at confidence in the equity of the existing distribution of wealth. Those to whom the system brings windfalls, beyond their deserts and even beyond their expectations or desires, become 'profiteers,' who are the object of the hatred of the bourgeoisie, whom the inflationism has impoverished, not less than of the proletariat. As the inflation proceeds and the real value of the currency fluctuates wildly from month to month, all permanent relations between debtors and creditors, which form the ultimate foundation of capitalism, become so utterly disordered as to be almost meaningless; and the process of wealth-getting degenerates into a gamble and a lottery.
Lenin was certainly right. There is no subtler, no surer means of overturning the existing basis of society than to debauch the currency. The process engages all the hidden forces of economic law on the side of destruction, and does it in a manner which not one man in a million is able to diagnose.
“I don't feel the least humble before the vastness of the heavens.”
Origine: Essays In Biography (1933), F. P. Ramsey, p. 310
Origine: The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919), Chapter VI, pp. 235-236
Contesto: Lenin is said to have declared that the best way to destroy the capitalist system was to debauch the currency. By a continuing process of inflation, governments can confiscate, secretly and unobserved, an important part of the wealth of their citizens. By this method they not only confiscate, but they confiscate arbitrarily; and, while the process impoverishes many, it actually enriches some. The sight of this arbitrary rearrangement of riches strikes not only at security, but at confidence in the equity of the existing distribution of wealth. Those to whom the system brings windfalls, beyond their deserts and even beyond their expectations or desires, become 'profiteers,' who are the object of the hatred of the bourgeoisie, whom the inflationism has impoverished, not less than of the proletariat. As the inflation proceeds and the real value of the currency fluctuates wildly from month to month, all permanent relations between debtors and creditors, which form the ultimate foundation of capitalism, become so utterly disordered as to be almost meaningless; and the process of wealth-getting degenerates into a gamble and a lottery.
Lenin was certainly right. There is no subtler, no surer means of overturning the existing basis of society than to debauch the currency. The process engages all the hidden forces of economic law on the side of destruction, and does it in a manner which not one man in a million is able to diagnose.
Referring to economics and the Great Depression
Essays in Persuasion (1931), The Great Slump of 1930 (1930)
Contesto: This is a nightmare, which will pass away with the morning. For the resources of nature and men's devices are just as fertile and productive as they were. The rate of our progress towards solving the material problems of life is not less rapid. We are as capable as before of affording for everyone a high standard of life … and will soon learn to afford a standard higher still. We were not previously deceived. But to-day we have involved ourselves in a colossal muddle, having blundered in the control of a delicate machine, the working of which we do not understand. The result is that our possibilities of wealth may run to waste for a time — perhaps for a long time.
“Newton was not the first of the age of reason. He was the last of the magicians”
Address to the Royal Society Club (1942), as quoted in A Dictionary of Scientific Quotations (1977) by Alan L. MacKay, p. 140
Essays In Biography (1933), Newton, the Man
Contesto: Newton was not the first of the age of reason. He was the last of the magicians, the last of the Babylonians and Sumerians, the last great mind that looked out on the visible and intellectual world with the same eyes as those who began to build our intellectual inheritance rather less than 10 000 years ago.
as quoted in "Keynes and the Ethics of Capitalism" by Robert Skidelsy http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1256603608595872&url=www.geocities.com/monedem/keyn.html
Essays in Persuasion (1931), Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren (1930)
Contesto: When the accumulation of wealth is no longer of high social importance, there will be great changes in the code of morals. We shall be able to rid ourselves of many of the pseudo-moral principles which have hag-ridden us for two hundred years, by which we have exalted some of the most distasteful of human qualities into the position of the highest virtues. We shall be able to afford to dare to assess the money-motive at its true value. The love of money as a possession — as distinguished from the love of money as a means to the enjoyments and realities of life — will be recognised for what it is, a somewhat disgusting morbidity, one of those semi-criminal, semi-pathological propensities which one hands over with a shudder to the specialists in mental disease … But beware! The time for all this is not yet. For at least another hundred years we must pretend to ourselves and to everyone that fair is foul and foul is fair; for foul is useful and fair is not. Avarice and usury and precaution must be our gods for a little longer still. For only they can lead us out of the tunnel of economic necessity into daylight.
“But this long run is a misleading guide to current affairs. In the long run we are all dead.”
Origine: A Tract on Monetary Reform (1923), Ch. 3, p. 80
Contesto: But this long run is a misleading guide to current affairs. In the long run we are all dead. Economists set themselves too easy, too useless a task, if in tempestuous seasons they can only tell us, that when the storm is long past, the ocean is flat again.
"Overseas Financial Policy in Stage III" (unpublished memo distributed to the British Cabinet on 15 May 1945, in Collected Writings volume 24, p. 258).
If you owe your bank manager a thousand pounds, you are at his mercy. If you owe him a million pounds, he is at your mercy.
Variant reported in Time magazine, Monday, Feb. 17, 1947
If you owe your bank a hundred pounds, you have a problem. But if you owe a million, it has.
As quoted in The Economist (13 February 1982), p. 11
“It is better to be roughly right than precisely wrong.”
Not attributed to Keynes until after his death. The original quote comes from Carveth Read and is:
It is better to be vaguely right than exactly wrong.
Logic, deductive and inductive (1898), p. 351 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18440/18440-h/18440-h.htm#Page_351
Misattributed
“Education is the inculcation of the incomprehensible into the ignorant by the incompetent.”
From hearer's memory in Jewish Frontier, vol. 29 http://books.google.com/books?id=NmYeAAAAMAAJ&q=keynes+%22inculcation+of+the+incomprehensible+into+the+ignorant+by+the+incompetent%22&dq=keynes+%22inculcation+of+the+incomprehensible+into+the+ignorant+by+the+incompetent (1962).
Alternate version: Education: the inculcation of the incomprehensible into the indifferent by the incompetent.
As quoted in Infinite Riches: Gems from a Lifetime of Reading (1979) by Leo Calvin Rosten, p. 165
Attributed
“Words ought to be a little wild, for they are the assault of thoughts on the unthinking.”
National self-sufficiency http://www.panarchy.org/keynes/national.1933.html, New Statesman and Nation (15 July 1933)
Variante: Words ought to be a little wild for they are the assault of thoughts on the unthinking.
“Markets can remain irrational longer than you can remain solvent.”
As quoted in When Genius Failed (2000) by Roger Lowenstein, p. 123; actually "Markets can remain irrational a lot longer than you and I can remain solvent." from A. Gary Shilling, Forbes (1993) v. 151, iss. 4, p. 236; and again A. Gary Shilling in Semi information services seminar transcript, January 23 - 26, 1983: Newport Beach Marriott Hotel, Newport Beach, California p. 384 "... and the markets usually do anticipate recoveries. They've anticipated twelve of the last eight, I think. Of course, you need to keep in mind that the stock market can remain irrational a lot longer than you can remain solvent."
Attributed